4.7 Review

In-vitro blood-brain barrier models for drug screening and permeation studies: an overview

Journal

DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages 3591-3605

Publisher

DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S218708

Keywords

blood-brain barrier; BBB; brain microvascular endothelial cells; BMECs; tight junctions; TJs; proteins; central nervous system; CNS; induced pluripotent cells; iPSCs; in-silico prediction methods

Funding

  1. NIH [R03DA044877]
  2. Campbell Foundation (Florida, USA)
  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), TX, USA
  4. Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India [IFA18-ENG266, DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/000991]

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of brain microvascular endothelial central nervous system (CNS) cells, which communicate with other CNS cells (astrocytes, pericytes) and behave according to the state of the CNS, by responding against pathological environments and modulating disease progression. The BBB plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS by maintaining restricted transport of toxic or harmful molecules, transport of nutrients, and removal of metabolites from the brain. Neurological disorders, such as NeuroHIV, cerebral stroke, brain tumors, and other neurodegenerative diseases increase the permeability of the BBB. While on the other hand, semipermeable nature of BBB restricts the movement of bigger molecules i.e. drugs or proteins (>500 kDa) across it, leading to minimal bioavailability of drugs in the CNS. This poses the most significant shortcoming in the development of therapeutics for CNS neurodegenerative disorders. Although the complexity of the BBB (dynamic and adaptable barrier) affects approaches of CNS drug delivery and promotes disease progression, understanding the composition and functions of BBB provides a platform for novel innovative approaches towards drug delivery to CNS. The methodical and scientific interests in the physiology and pathology of the BBB led to the development and the advancement of numerous in vitro models of the BBB. This review discusses the fundamentals of BBB structure, permeation mechanisms, an overview of all the different in-vitro BBB models with their advantages and disadvantages, and rationale of selecting penetration prediction methods towards the critical role in the development of the CNS therapeutics.

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