Mitigation of bisphenol A using an array of laccase-based robust bio-catalytic cues - A review

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known endocrine disruptor that poses concerning environmental and human-health related issues and ecological risks. It has been largely used as an intermediate in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Traces of BPA can reach into the environment through inadequate or inefficient removal during wastewater treatment, uncontrolled landfill leachates, and leaching out from the discarded BPAbased materials. Several physicochemical treatment methods including adsorption, Fenton, ozonation, electrochemical and photochemical degradation, and membrane filtration, have been applied for BPA elimination. However, these methods are not adequate for large-scale treatment due to some inherent limitations. Benefiting from high catalytic efficiency and specificity, enzyme-based bio-catalytic degradation strategies arc considered guile meaningful alternative for efficient and effective BPA removal from different routes. Among various oxicloreducLases, i.e., laccases exhibited a superior potential for the 1-mediation of BPA-containing wastewater. Enzymatic oxidation of BPA can be boosted by using various natural or synthetic reclox mediators. Immobilized enzymes can expand their applicability to continuous bioprocessing and facilitates process intensification. Therefore, optimized formulations of insolubilized biocatalysls arc of strategic interesl. in the environmental biotechnology. In this review, recent research studies dealing with BPA removal by the lactase-catalyzed system arc presented. At first, the presence of BPA in the ecosystem, sources, exposure, and its impact on the living organisms and human beings is summarized. Then, we highlighted the use of crude as well as immobilized laccases for the degradation of BPA. In addition to toxicity and estrogenicity removal studies, the unresolved challenges, concluding remarks, and possible future direction is proposed in this important research area. It is palpable from the literature reviewed that free as well as immobilized forms of laccases have displayed noteworthy potential for BPA removal from wastewater. C 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.