Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 690, Issue -, Pages 1110-1119Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.097
Keywords
Biocides; Wastewater treatment plants; Risk assessment; Removal; Pollution load
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC 41473105, U1701242]
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Bangkok Department of Drainage and Sewerage
- Mahidol University
- Naresuan University
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This study investigated the occurrence and fate of 19 biocides in 8 wastewater treatment plants and receiving aquatic environments (both freshwater and estuarine systems) in Thailand. The predominant compound in wastewater and surface water was methylparaben with the maximum concentration of 15.2 mu g/L detected in the receiving river, while in sludge and sediment was triclocarban with the maximum concentration of 8.47 mu g/g in sludge. Triclosan was the main contaminants in the fish samples with the maximum concentration of 1.20 mu g/g. Similar results of biocides were found in the estuarine system in Pattaya city, with the maximum concentration of 185 ng/L in sea water for methylparaben, and 242 ng/g in estuarine sediment for triclocarban. The aqueous removal rates for the biocides ranged from 15% to 95% in average. The back estimated-usage and total estimated emission of Sigma 19 biocides in Thailand was 279 and 202 tons/year, respectively. Preliminary ecological risk assessment showed that clotrimazole and triclosan could pose high risks to aquatic organisms in the receiving aquatic environments. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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