Recent progress in the synthesis of graphene and derived materials for next generation electrodes of high performance lithium ion batteries

The importance of graphene and its derivatives for clean energy applications became apparent over the last few years due to their exceptional characteristics, especially regarding electrical, thermal and chemical properties. In this review article we examine the recent progress and some of the challenges in the syntheses and modification of graphene-based materials, including energy storage applications as electrodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Various synthesis routes have been used for obtaining graphene using different kinds of carbon sources (graphite, non-graphitic carbon and carbon-containing materials). The most popular processing methods include epitaxial growth, liquid phase chemical electrochemical exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition and laser-assisted synthesis. Taking the reduction approach, chemical, thermal, microwave and laser reduction methods have been applied to prepare graphene from graphene oxide/graphite oxide. Recent research has shown that graphene derivatives and hybrids/ nanocomposites using metal oxides/mixed metal oxides and metal sulfides/mixed metal sulphides can have a profound impact on the performance of energy storage devices. Closing the text, we speculate on the future prospects for the application of graphene and its derivatives in energy storage devices. We expect that this review article will help in generating new insights for further development and practical applications of graphene-based materials. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.