Journal
PLOS ONE
Volume 14, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224758
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Funding
- JSPS KAKENHI [JP16KK0004]
- US Army
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As machines that act autonomously on behalf of others-e.g., robots-become integral to society, it is critical we understand the impact on human decision-making. Here we show that people readily engage in social categorization distinguishing humans (us) from machines (them), which leads to reduced cooperation with machines. However, we show that a simple cultural cue-the ethnicity of the machine's virtual face-mitigated this bias for participants from two distinct cultures (Japan and United States). We further show that situational cues of affiliative intent-namely, expressions of emotion-overrode expectations of coalition alliances from social categories: When machines were from a different culture, participants showed the usual bias when competitive emotion was shown (e.g., joy following exploitation); in contrast, participants cooperated just as much with humans as machines that expressed cooperative emotion (e.g., joy following cooperation). These findings reveal a path for increasing cooperation in society through autonomous machines.
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