Journal
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY
Volume 118, Issue -, Pages 109-114Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.05.005
Keywords
Lithium niobate; Optical waveguides; Proton exchange
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Precise control and reproducibility of optical waveguides fabrication are extremely important for efficient and compact devices for a wide range of applications in either classical or quantum photonics. In this way, wave guides fabricated in lithium niobate (LN) crystals offer one of the most established platforms in modem photonics. Here we experimentally validate the excellent control and reproducibility of the index contrast and index profile of optical waveguides fabricated on Z-cut lithium niobate (LN) substrates by the recently proposed High Vacuum Proton Exchange (HiVacPE) technique. Based on the known chemical reactions involved in the refractive index variation mechanism we explain why the high vacuum, having a drying effect, is the key feature to obtain highly reproducible HiVacPE waveguides.
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