Heterogeneous metals and metal-free carbon materials for oxidative degradation through persulfate activation: A review of heterogeneous catalytic activation of persulfate related to oxidation mechanism

Activated persulfate has gained substantial interest owing to its potential removal efficiency toward recalcitrant organic pollutants, including pharmaceuticals, pesticide products, and industrial dyes. Various investigations into the activation of persulfate have been conducted to achieve a higher oxidation efficiency. Specifically, heterogeneous catalysts have been extensively applied to the activation of persulfate, enabling a more simplistic and practical method compared to other approaches. Therefore, the present review concentrates closely on various types of heterogeneous activators for the activation of persulfate and its proposed oxidation mechanisms.