New Family of Argyrodite Thioantimonate Lithium Superionic Conductors

We report on a new family of argyrodite lithium superionic conductors, as solid solutions Li6+xMxSb1-xS5I (M = Si, Ge, Sn), that exhibit superionic conductivity. These represent the first antimony argyrodites to date. Exploration of the series using a combination of single crystal X-ray and synchrotron/neutron powder diffraction, combined with impedance spectroscopy, reveals that an optimal degree of substitution (x), and substituent induces slight S2-/I- anion site disorder-but more importantly drives Li+ cation site disorder. The additional, delocalized Li-ion density is located in new high energy lattice sites that provide intermediate interstitial positions (local minima) for Li+ diffusion and activate concerted ion migration, leading to a low activation energy of 0.25 eV. Excellent room temperature ionic conductivity of 14.8 mS.cm(-1) is exhibited for cold-pressed pellets-up to 24 mS.cm(-1) for sintered pellets-among the highest values reported to date. This enables all-solid-state battery prototypes that exhibit promising properties. Furthermore, even at -78 degrees C, suitable bulk ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is retained (0.25 mS.cm(-1)). Selected thioantimonate iodides demonstrate good compatibility with Li metal, sustaining over 1000 h of Li stripping/plating at current densities up to 0.6 mA.cm(-2). The significantly enhanced Li ion conduction and lowered activation energy barrier with increasing site disorder reveals an important strategy toward the development of superionic conductors.