Journal
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
Volume 587, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117187
Keywords
Shale gas; Flowback and produced water (FPW); Gravity-driven membrane (GDM); Desalination pretreatment; Microbial community
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51708371, 51678377]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2018T110973, 2017M612965]
- Applied Basic Research of Sichuan Province [2017JY0238]
- Sichuan University Outstanding Youth Foundation [2015SCU04A35]
- Full-time Postdoctoral Foundation of Sichuan University [2017SCU12019]
- Compagnia di San Paolo and Politecnico di Torino through the project FLOWING
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The shale gas extraction industry generates a large quantity of highly contaminated flowback and produced water (FPW), with great impacts on human health and the environment. In this study, gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration was evaluated over a 612-day period as a pre-treatment of FPW for its subsequent desalination. The various investigated GDM systems showed similar contaminant removals, and their steady-state fluxes (i.e., 0.65-0.82 L/(m(2).h)) were not significantly correlated to membrane configurations or to the hydrostatic pressures. The flux decline was primarily due to a reversible resistance, which accounted for a large proportion (>89%) of the total hydraulic resistance. Compared to traditional ultrafiltration, the GDM pretreatment resulted in better desalination performance for the subsequent nanofiltration or reverse osmosis step, which were characterized by higher organic removal and generally higher permeate fluxes. More than 60 bacterial genera and 8 eukaryotic genera were detected in the shale gas FPW, with the kingdoms Alveolata and Stramenopiles (within the eukaryote domains) reported for the first time. The biofouling layer of GDMs had a lower bacterial diversity but a higher eukaryotic diversity than the FPW feed water. The eukaryotic community, including Alveolata, Fungi, Stramenopiles and Metazoa, played a major role in the flux behavior.
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