The effects of biochar as the electron shuttle on the ferrihydrite reduction and related arsenic (As) fate

The effects of electron shuttles (biochar/anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQDS)) on the process of the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1-induced As(V)-adsorbed ferrihydrite reduction were studied. The results showed that biochar could stimulate Fe(II) and As release during the ferrihydrite bioreduction. After the addition of biochar, more dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be consumed as an electron donor to promote the metabolism of microorganisms by the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra analysis. After microbial treatment, cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that a unique cathodic peak and a distinct anodic peak appeared, which may represent the reduction of Fe(OH)(3) to Fe(OH)(2) and the complexed oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. No characteristic peak was associated with arsenate reduction or arsenite oxidation. The mineralogical characterization of the final products indicated that AQDS can promote solid-state conversion from ferrihydrite to vivianite (Fe-3(PO4)(2)center dot 8H(2)O). However, the addition of biochar inhibited solid-state conversion of ferrihydrite. It was shown that after 6 d, the secondary mineral vivianite production in the bacteria alone and AQDS treatments was 8.12% and 15.6% respectively by mossbauer spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, the XPS indicated that As(V) has no species transformation. It provided new data for understanding the iron-reducing bacteria induced mineralization process and related biogeochemical cycles of Fe and As.