Stem Cells: The Game Changers of Human Cardiac Disease Modelling and Regenerative Medicine

A comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis and mechanisms underlying cardiac diseases is mandatory for the development of new and effective therapeutic strategies. The lack of appropriate in vitro cell models that faithfully mirror the human disease phenotypes has hampered the understanding of molecular insights responsible of heart injury and disease development. Over the past decade, important scientific advances have revolutionized the field of stem cell biology through the remarkable discovery of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These advances allowed to achieve the long-standing ambition of modelling human disease in a dish and, more interestingly, paved the way for unprecedented opportunities to translate bench discoveries into new therapies and to come closer to a real and effective stem cell-based medicine. The possibility to generate patient-specific iPSCs, together with the new advances in stem cell differentiation procedures and the availability of novel gene editing approaches and tissue engineering, has proven to be a powerful combination for the generation of phenotypically complex, pluripotent stem cell-based cellular disease models with potential use for early diagnosis, drug screening, and personalized therapy. This review will focus on recent progress and future outcome of iPSCs technology toward a customized medicine and new therapeutic options.