Natural Killer Cell Function Tests by Flowcytometry-Based Cytotoxicity and IFN-γ Production for the Diagnosis of Adult Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Although natural killer (NK) cell function is a hallmark of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), there is no standard method or data on its diagnostic value in adults. Thus, we performed a single-center retrospective study of 119 adult patients with suspected HLH. NK cell function was determined using both flowcytometry-based NK-cytotoxicity test (NK-cytotoxicity) and NK cell activity test for interferon-gamma (NKA-IFN gamma). NK cell phenotype and serum cytokine levels were also tested. Fifty (42.0%) HLH patients showed significantly reduced NK cell function compared to 69 non-HLH patients by both NK-cytotoxicity and NKA-IFN gamma (p < 0.001 and p = 0.020, respectively). Agreement between NK-cytotoxicity and NKA-IFN gamma was 88.0% in HLH patients and 58.0% in non-HLH patients. NK-cytotoxicity and NKA-IFN gamma assays predicted HLH with sensitivities of 96.0% and 92.0%, respectively. The combination of NKA-IFN gamma and ferritin (>10,000 mu g/L) was helpful for ruling out HLH, with a specificity of 94.2%. Decreased NK-cytotoxicity was associated with increased soluble IL-2 receptor levels and decreased CD56dim NK cells. Decreased NKA-IFN gamma was associated with decreased serum cytokine levels. We suggest that both NK-cytotoxicity and NKA-IFN gamma could be used for diagnosis of HLH. Further studies are needed to validate the diagnostic and prognostic value of NK cell function tests.