Virtual reality in the application of heart rate variability biofeedback

Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) is an established technique for reducing stress and regaining balance of the autonomic nervous system. The present study explored (1) the feasibility and (2) the potential advantages of using a virtual reality (VR) nature environment as an immersive way of providing HRV-BF. A randomized controlled experiment was conducted, comparing (1) a single session of HRV-BF in a VR-based implementation (treated group) with (2) a traditional implementation (treated control group) and (3) a non-treated control group. Both the VR-based and the traditional version of HRV-BF are equally effective in increasing short-term HRV. However, the VR-based implementation was associated with higher motivation and helped users better maintain attentional focus. Future research needs to further clarify the underlying mechanism and address possible long-term effects.