Dihydroberberine, a hydrogenated derivative of berberine firstly identified in Phellodendri Chinese Cortex, exerts anti-inflammatory effect via dual modulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways

Dihydroberberine (DHB), a hydrogenated derivative of berberine (BBR), has been firstly identified in Phellodendri Chinese Cortex (PC) by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Nowadays most researches on PC focus on its main components like BBR, however, the role of its naturally-occurring derivatives remains poorly defined heretofore. The present work aimed to comparatively evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of DHB and BBR in three typical inflammatory murine models. The results showed that DHB effectively mitigated acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, xylene-elicited ear edema and carrageenan-caused paw edema. Meanwhile, DHB markedly attenuated the inflammatory cell infiltration in pathological sections of ears and paws. DHB was also observed to significantly decrease the production and mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, NO (iNOS) and PGE2 (COX-2), increase the release of IL-10, and inhibit the activation of NF-kappa B and MAPK signaling pathways. The anti-inflammatory effect of DHB was weaker than that of BBR. The results might further contribute to unraveling the pharmacodynamic basis of PC and support its ethnomedical use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. DHB possesses good potential to be further developed into a promising anti-inflammatory alternative, and can serve as a lead template for novel anti-inflammatory candidate.