GCRV hijacks TBK1 to evade IRF7-mediated antiviral immune responses in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an important kinase that regulates the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (IRF3/7) to induce type I interferon (IFN-I) production in antiviral immune responses. However, in long-term virus-host crosstalk, viruses have evolved elaborate strategies to evade host immune defense mechanisms. In the present study, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) reovirus (GCRV) hijacks TBK1 to escape IRF7-IFN-Is signaling activation. In brief, GCRV inhibited TBK1 activation by restaining K63-linked ubiquitination of TBK1 and promoting its K48-linked ubiquitination. This regulation resulted in that under low titer of GCRV infection, TBK1 overexpression specifically supressed promoter activity and phosphorylation of IRF7 and induction of downstream IFNland IFN3. qRT-PCR data uncovered that TBK1 negatively regulated IRF7, and IFN3 transcription levels under low viral titer infection. Along with enhancement of GCRV titers, TBK1 swiched its function to up-regulate IRF7, IFNI and IFN3 mRNA levels. Accordingly, TBK1 promoted GCRV replication at low infected titer, but inhibited GCRV replication at high infected titer. All these results revealed a viral evasion strategy that GCRV utilizes TBK1 to block cellular IFN responses at low titers or early stages in fish species, which will lay a foundation for further researching on host-virus interactions and developing novel antiviral strategies in lower vertebrates.