Energy intensity and its determinants in OPEC countries

This study investigates the roles of trade openness, technological innovation, and energy price in energy intensity in OPEC countries using panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approaches in a dynamic heterogeneous panel setting to analyze panel data over the period 1990-2016. The investigation affirms that trade openness plays a key role in diminishing energy intensity and demonstrates that the innovation is insignificantly associated with energy intensity, while renewable energy is significantly related energy intensity. The robustness check confirms that the findings from ARDL approach are consistent with Dumitrescue-Hurlin Panel causality and Cross-Sectional Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (CSARDL) tests. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.