Journal
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY
Volume 36, Issue 24, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6382/ab4a3e
Keywords
instantons; three dimensional gravity; exact solutions
Categories
Funding
- US-NSF [PHY-1520292, PHY-1820675]
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We study the instantons describing the production of particles at the ends of codimension-one objects (strings and struts) in (2??+??1)-dimensional Minkowski and de Sitter spaces. A Minkowskian background allows only for systems with vanishing total mass, so that either negative mass particles or negative tension struts are required. On a de Sitter background, on the other hand, we find processes describing the production of string/particle systems with no negative energies involved. We also compute the probabilities of creating and of breaking an infinite cosmic string in de Sitter space. We perform our analysis of the system in de Sitter space employing a generalization of the toroidal coordinate system to the three-sphere.
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