Journal
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
Volume 207, Issue -, Pages 688-701Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.061
Keywords
Viscoelastic surfactant; Salt-tolerance; Seawater; Clean fracturing fluid
Categories
Funding
- Sichuan Youth Science & Technology Foundation [2017JQ0010]
- National High Technology Research & Development Program [2016ZX05053]
- Key Fund Project of Educational Commission of Sichuan Province [16CZ0008]
- Explorative Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Southwest Petroleum University) [G201601]
- Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [51490653]
- 973 Program [2013CB228004]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2019M650250]
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In this study, a gemini zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant with a sulfonic group, named VES-S, was synthesized. The surface activity properties of VES-S were found to show an ultra-low sensitivity to the salt concentration compared to those of cationic gemini surfactants, meaning that the packing parameter of VES-S varies little with increasing salinity. Through laboratory measurements, it was found that the addition of salt can enhance the viscoelasticity of the VES-S solution by tightening the net-work structure even at a high NaCl concentration (8 wt%), which indicated that VES-S was a viscoelastic surfactant with high salt tolerance. A series of laboratory evaluations showed that the clean fracturing fluids prepared by VES-S and simulated seawaters fulfilled the requirements for hydraulic fracturing operations, which proved that VES-S was an excellent and reliable viscoelastic surfactant with a high salt tolerance that can be used to prepare seawater-based clean fracturing fluids. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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