Journal
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
Volume 77, Issue 14, Pages 2871-2883Publisher
SPRINGER BASEL AG
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03335-7
Keywords
TET enzymes; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; Imprinted genes; Neural stem cells; Pluripotency; Neurogenesis
Categories
Funding
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [PTDC/BIA-BCM/121276/2010]
- EpiGeneSys
- FCT [PD/BD/106049/2015, IF/00047/2012, CEEC-IND/00371/2017, IF/01079/2014, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007038]
- Wellcome Trust [101225/Z/13/Z]
- Royal Society [101225/Z/13/Z]
- Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013]
- FEDER funds, through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme (COMPETE)
- Wellcome Trust [101225/Z/13/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
- BBSRC [BBS/E/B/0000H334, BBS/E/B/000C0421] Funding Source: UKRI
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PD/BD/106049/2015, PTDC/BIA-BCM/121276/2010] Funding Source: FCT
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TET enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a process thought to be intermediary in an active DNA demethylation mechanism. Notably, 5hmC is highly abundant in the brain and in neuronal cells. Here, we interrogated the function of Tet3 in neural precursor cells (NPCs), using a stable and inducible knockdown system and an in vitro neural differentiation protocol. We show that Tet3 is upregulated during neural differentiation, whereas Tet1 is downregulated. Surprisingly, Tet3 knockdown led to a de-repression of pluripotency-associated genes such as Oct4, Nanog or Tcl1, with concomitant hypomethylation. Moreover, in Tet3 knockdown NPCs, we observed the appearance of OCT4-positive cells forming cellular aggregates, suggesting de-differentiation of the cells. Notably, Tet3 KD led to a genome-scale loss of DNA methylation and hypermethylation of a smaller number of CpGs that are located at neurogenesis-related genes and at imprinting control regions (ICRs) of Peg10, Zrsr1 and Mcts2 imprinted genes. Overall, our results suggest that TET3 is necessary to maintain silencing of pluripotency genes and consequently neural stem cell identity, possibly through regulation of DNA methylation levels in neural precursor cells.
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