Journal
CARBON
Volume 153, Issue -, Pages 783-791Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.07.065
Keywords
Ultrahigh energy density; Fluorinated; Calcinated macadamia nut shell; Cathode; Li/CFx batteries
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars [51425306]
- National Key R&D Program of China [2016YFA0202302]
- State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China [51633007]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51573125, 51573147]
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Lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries are widely applied in various industries because of the high energy densities of CFx compounds. However, incompatibility between high degrees of fluorination and the electrochemical activity of C-F bonds limits further improvements of the energy densities of CFx cathodes. Here, calcined macadamia nut shell is fluorinated with F-2 gas below 300 degrees C. The products deliver specific capacities exceeding 900 mAh g(-1), associated with discharge potentials exceeding 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li+). The product fluorinated at 280 degrees C achieves an unprecedented maximum energy density of 2585 W h kg(-1), surpassing the present maximum theoretical energy density of commercial (CF)(n) (2185 W h kg(-1)). Its electrochemical properties presumably originate from the complete destruction of the periodic crystalline lattice in the basal plane, which substantially alters the electron distribution within the C-F bonds. This study presents a new approach for designing exceptionally high-energy-density CFx compounds for lithium primary batteries using an accessible and inexpensive raw material. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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