Electrical signal transmission in the plant-wide web

Plants can communicate with other plants using wireless pathways in the plant-wide web. Some examples of these communication pathways are: (1) volatile organic compounds' emission and sensing; (2) mycorrhizal networks in the soil; (3) the plants' rhizosphere; (4) naturally grafting of roots of the same species; (5) electrostatic or electromagnetic interactions; and (6) acoustic communication. There is an additional pathway for electrical signal transmission between plants-electrical signal transmission between roots through the soil. To avoid the possibility of communication between plants using mechanisms (1)-(6), soils in pots with plants were connected by Ag/AgCl or platinum wires. Electrostimulation of Aloe vera, tomato, or cabbage plants induces electrotonic potentials transmission in the electro-stimulated plants as well as the plants located in different pots regardless if plants are the same or different types. The amplitude and sign of electrotonic potentials in electrostimulated and neighboring plants depend on the amplitude, rise, and fall of the applied voltage. Experimental results displayed cell-to-cell electrical coupling and the existence of electrical differentiators in plants. Electrostimulation by a sinusoidal wave induces an electrical response with a phase shift. Electrostimulation serves as an important tool for the evaluation of mechanisms of communication in the plant-wide web. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.