Reliable and selective lead-ion sensor of sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanoflakes

An optimum large specific surface area of sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanoflakes modified glassy carbon electrode (S-g-C3N4/GCE) is reported with promising lead ion (Pb2+) detection capability. This sensor was designed and fabricated using thermal polycondesation reaction In terms of high selectivity Pb2+ performance, we noted that the sensor exhibited appreciable detection limit of 3.0 x 10(-9) mol L-1 (S/N = 3) within the ionic specimen concentration range of 7.5 x 10(-8) similar to 2.5 x 10(-6) mol L-1 and 2.5 x 10(-6) similar to 1 x 10(-3) mol L-1. Corroborated by DFT calculations, we propose that the strong interaction of S-g-C3N4 interface and Pb2+ plays an important role to generate the aforementioned sensing characteristics. In practice, we conceived high detection of Pb2+ ions that reside in lake-water and mineral samples in which percentage recovery of 88-103 can be obtained under high repetition rate. Thus, S-g-C3N4/GCE can be considered as sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for a reliable detecting heavy metal ions in domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.