Novel green synthesis of Hibiscus sabdariffa flower extract conjugated gold nanoparticles with excellent anti-acute myeloid leukemia effect in comparison to daunorubicin in a leukemic rodent model

Nanobiotechnology is a capable technology that deals with nanomaterials in several scientific domains such as medicine, chemistry, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. In this scale, remarkable differences are seen in many properties of materials that are not observed on a larger scale. In this regard, pharmacologists have tried to synthesize many supplements and drugs from the nanoparticles. The present study confirms the ability of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, in this study, we revealed the anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of AuNPs compared to daunorubicin in a leukemic rodent model. These nanoparticles were characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. TEM and FE-SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of 15-45 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including HAuCl4, H. sabdariffa, AuNPs, daunorubicin, untreated, and control. AuNPs similar to daunorubicin, significantly (P <= .05) reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNF alpha), and the total white blood cell (WBC), blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts and enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFN alpha) and the platelet, lymphocyte, and red blood cell (RBC) parameters as compared to the untreated mice. By quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (P <= .05) raised by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and daunorubicin. In vitro design, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for daunorubicin and AuNPs. Besides, AuNPs similar to daunorubicin had low cell viability dose-dependently against Murine C1498, Human HL-60/vcr, and 32D-FLT3-ITD cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. In conclusion, the results of chemical characterization confirm that the H. sabdariffa flower can be used to produce gold nanoparticles with a remarkable amount of anti-acute myeloid leukemia effect.