Dual-loop online intelligent programming for driver-oriented predict energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

This paper investigates an online predictive control strategy for series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), resulting in a novel online optimization methodology named the dual-loop online intelligent programming (DOIP) that is proposed for velocity prediction and energy-flow control. By reconsidering the change of driving behaviours at each look-ahead step, this methodology guarantees the effectiveness of optimal control sequence in the energy-saving efficiency of online predictive energy management. The design procedure starts with the simulation of a series-parallel PHEV using a systematic control-oriented model and the definition of a cost function. Inspired by fuzzy granulation technology, a deep fuzzy predictor is created to achieve driver-oriented velocity prediction, and a finite-state Markov chain is exploited to learn transition probabilities between vehicle speed and acceleration. To determine the optimal control behaviours and power distribution between two energy sources, chaos-enhanced accelerated swarm optimization is developed for the DOIP algorithm. The prediction capability of the deep fuzzy predictor is evaluated by comparing with two existing predictors over the WLTP-based driving cycle. The proposed control strategy is contrasted with short-sighted and dynamic programming based counterparts, and validated by a driver-in-the-loop test. The results demonstrate that the deep fuzzy predictor can effectively recognize driving behaviour and reduce at least 19% errors compared to involved Markov chain based predictors. Online predictive control strategy using the DOIP algorithm is able to significantly reduce 9.37% fuel consumption from the baseline and shorten computational time.