Journal
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Volume 28, Issue -, Pages 621-628Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.06.004
Keywords
3D printing; Flexural properties; Annealing; Cellulose nanofibers; PLA
Funding
- Louisiana Board of Regents, National Institute of Forest Research, Seoul, Korea [LEQSF (2017-18)-RD-A-01, LEQSF (201617)-ENH-TR-01, LEQSF (2018-19)-ENH-DE-06]
- Nanjing Forestry University
- National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS), Republic of South Korea [FP0400-2016-06-2019] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA grafted cellulose nanofibers (PLA-g-CNFs) mixture were extruded into filaments, and subsequently 3D printed into composites. As-3D printed composites were then thermally annealed at a temperature above PLA glass transition temperature (T-g). Dynamic mechanical analysis, including temperature ramp, frequency sweep, and creep for annealed composites, confirmed the enhanced responses to various viscoelastic factors. Such enhancements were ascribed to the presence of PLA crystalline regions containing both alpha and alpha' phases, which were induced and developed through the annealing treatment. After 3-point bending test at 70 degrees C, unannealed composites were partially damaged, while annealed composites preserved the originally well-integrated layer structures. Experimental creep and recovery data essentially fitted to the Burger's model and Weibull's distribution function, respectively. The calculated parameters (e.g., moduli) from numerical fitting curves demonstrated the synergetic effect of PLA-g-CNFs and annealing treatment on the enahncement of flexural properties for 3D printed PLA composites.
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