Journal
CANCERS
Volume 11, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091343
Keywords
p21(cip1/waf1); DNA methylation; histone acetylation; histone methylation; lncRNA; miRNA; epigenetic reader; epigenetic writer; epigenetic eraser
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Funding
- Emerging Fields Initiative Cell Cycle in Disease and Regeneration (CYDER) of Friedrich Alexander University (Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany)
- COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) [CA17118]
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p21(cip1/waf1) is a central regulator of cell cycle control and survival. While mutations are rare, it is commonly dysregulated in several human cancers due to epigenetic mechanisms influencing its transcriptional control. These mechanisms include promoter hypermethylation as well as additional pathways such as histone acetylation or methylation. The epigenetic regulators include writers, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs); histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone lysine methyltransferases; erasers, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs); histone lysine demethylases [e.g., the Lysine Demethylase (KDM) family]; DNA hydroxylases; readers, such as the methyl-CpG-binding proteins (MBPs); and bromodomain-containing proteins, including the bromo- and extraterminal domain (BET) family. We further discuss the roles that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play in the epigenetic control of p21(cip1/waf1) expression and its function in human cancers.
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