Detecting Brain Activity Following a Verbal Command in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness

Background: The accurate assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is a challenge to most experienced clinicians. As a potential clinical tool, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could detect residual awareness without the need for the patients' actual motor responses. Methods: We adopted a simple active fMRI motor paradigm (hand raising) to detect residual awareness in these patients. Twenty-nine patients were recruited. They met the diagnosis of minimally conscious state (MCS) (male = 6, female = 2; n = 8), vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) (male = 17, female = 4; n = 21). Results: We analyzed the command-following responses for robust evidence of statistically reliable markers of motor execution, similar to those found in 15 healthy controls. Of the 29 patients, four (two MCS, two VS/UWS) could adjust their brain activity to the hand-raising command, and they showed activation in motor-related regions (which could not be discovered in the own-name task). Conclusion: Longitudinal behavioral assessments showed that, of these four patients, two in a VS/UWS recovered to MCS and one from MCS recovered to MCS C (i.e., showed command following). In patients with no response to hand raising task, six VS/UWS and three MCS ones showed recovery in follow-up procedure. The simple active fMRI hand-raising task can elicit brain activation in patients with DOC, similar to those observed in healthy volunteers. Activity of the motor-related network may be taken as an indicator of high-level cognition that cannot be discerned through conventional behavioral assessment.