Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 1249-1257Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2920727
Keywords
Perovskite solar cells; stability; tandem solar cells; thermal evaporation; upscaling
Funding
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (PRINTPERO)
- Helmholtz Association (HYIG)
- Helmholtz Association (Recruitment Initiative)
- Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz Energy Materials Foundry)
- Helmholtz Association (PEROSEED)
- Helmholtz Association (European Union's Horizon 2020 Program (ACTPHAST))
- Helmholtz Association (Science and Technology of Nanostructures Research Program)
- Karlsruhe School of Optics Photonics, KIT
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Vacuum-based deposition techniques are a common route for the fabrication of high-quality optoelectronic devices on an industrialized scale at low cost and high yield. In the field of perovskite-based photovoltaics, however, vacuum deposition methods are less researched in the community today. Even though the fundamental concept of thermal evaporation of perovskite-based solar cells has been demonstrated, the number of reports about efficient upscalable all-evaporated approaches employing inexpensive raw materials is still limited. In this contribution, a novel architecture for efficient all-evaporated perovskite solar cells in pin-architecture based on a co-evaporated CH3NH3PBI3 absorber deposited on top of an electron-beam evaporated NiOx hole transport layer is reported. Stabilized power conversion efficiencies as high as 16.1% are achieved, resulting in the most efficient thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells employing a pin-architecture. Moreover, it is the first time in the literature that a co-evaporated perovskite absorber deposited directly on top of a metal oxide exceeeds a stable power conversion efficiency above 15%. Next to efficient devices, a remarkable stability against temperature variations up to 80 degrees C is demonstrated, highlighting the promising thermal stability of the employed charge extracting layers. Replacing the expensive gold rear electrode by copper reduces the material costs of the approach significantly while maintaining a good device performance and stability. The homogeneity and ease of upscaling of the all-evaporated approach toward industrial relevant areas is demonstrated by light-beam induced current mapping. Finally, a homogeneous deposition of the functional layers of the approach on top of a textured silicon wafer is shown.
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