Journal
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
Volume 7, Issue 17, Pages 14531-14538Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02042
Keywords
low-temperature performance; LiFePO4; ethylene glycol; antifreeze additive; aqueous rechargeable lithium battery
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Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning [NRF-2019M3C1B9091147]
- Incheon National University
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Low-temperature performance of the rechargeable batteries is limited because of a narrow temperature range of the electrolyte. Despite the aqueous electrolyte having a lower freezing point than the ethelyenecarbonate for conventional lithium-ion batteries, its freezing point is as high as 0 degrees C. Antifreeze additive of ethylene glycol for aqueous electrolyte solutions is used to improve the low-temperature performance of aqueous rechargeable lithiumion batteries. The suitable contents of ethylene glycol expand the temperature range of aqueous electrolyte, pursuing a balance between the low freezing point and high ionic conductivity, and thus enhancing their cyclic performance and decreasing the polarization of electrode reactions. Furthermore, the improvement of the lithium-ion intercalation and deintercalation processes in the nano-LiFePO4 material at low temperature is controlled by varying the content of the antifreeze additive to provide a high ionic conductivity of an aqueous electrolyte solution having 1 M of Li2SO4 depending on the temperature, ranging from 0 to -20 degrees C. In addition, ethylene glycol for aqueous electrolyte solutions can be used to improve high-performance batteries operating at sub-zero temperatures. The aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion batteries having antifreezing additives are beneficial for various extreme operations of electric vehicles, high-altitude drones, submarine, robotics, and aerospace applications.
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