Surgical Outcome of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery of Large and Giant Pituitary Adenomas: An Institutional Experience from the Middle East

OBJECTIVE: Surgical treatment of large and giant pituitary adenomas is challenging and associated with higher risk of complications and lower rate of gross total resection. We present our experience with surgical management of large and giant adenomas using the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach (EETA). METHODS: A total of 80 patients with large (30-39 mm) and giant (>= 40 mm) pituitary adenomas who underwent tumor resection using EETAwere studied. Radiologic data, hormonal and visual status, surgical outcomes, complications, and factors affecting the extent of resection were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-five tumors (56.3%) were classified as large and 35 (43.8%) as giant adenomas. Gross total resection was achieved in 66 patients (82.5%), near-total resection in 10 (12.5%), and subtotal resection in 4 (5%). Preoperative factors including larger tumor size, multilobular shape of tumor, and higher Knosp scores significantly decrease the likelihood of gross total resection. Of patients with preoperative visual acuity impairment and visual field deficit, 76.8% and 74.1%, respectively, experienced improvement after surgery. The most common complications include new pituitary insufficiency (16.4%), permanent diabetes insipidus (7.5%), and cerebrospinal fluid leakage (5%). Two cases of meningitis (2.5%) and 3 deaths (3.8%) occurred in this cohort of patients. Mean follow-up duration was 24.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: EETA can be a safe and efficient approach as the first-line treatment of patients with large and giant pituitary adenomas and is associated with high rates of gross total resection or near-total resection, visual function improvement, and a relatively low rate of complications.