Cold Antisolvent Bathing Derived Highly Efficient Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells

Scaling large-area solar cells is in high demand for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a high power-conversion efficiency (PCE). However, few roll-to-roll-compatible deposition methods for the formation of highly oriented uniform perovskite films are reported. Herein, a facile cold antisolvent bathing approach compatible with large-area fabrication is introduced. The wet precursor films are submerged in a cold antisolvent bath at 0 degrees C, and the retarded nucleation and growth kinetics allow highly oriented perovskite to be grown along the [110] and [220] directions, perpendicular to the substrate. The high degree of the preferred crystal orientation benefits the effective charge extraction and reduces the amount of inter- and intra-grain defects inside the perovskite films, improving the PCE from 16.48% (ambient-bathed solar cell) to 18.50% (cold-bathed counterpart). The cold antisolvent bathing method is employed for the fabrication of large-area (8 x 10 cm(2)) PSCs with uniform photovoltaic device parameters, thereby verifying the scale-up capability of the method.