Journal
SMALL
Volume 15, Issue 41, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902688
Keywords
dendrite free; heteroatom-doped hollow carbon fibers; Na-ion deposition; reversible Na plating; stripping; sodium metal anode
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Funding
- Shanghai Rising-Star Program [19QA1409300]
- open fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies [EEST2018-3]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61704098, 51632001]
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province [ZR2017BF025]
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Sodium (Na) metal anodes stand out with their remarkable capacity and natural abundance. However, the dendritic Na growth, infinite dimensional changes, and low Coulombic efficiency (CE) present key bottlenecks plaguing practical applications. Here, heteroatom-doped (nitrogen, sulfur) hollow carbon fibers (D-HCF) are rationally synthesized as a nucleation-assisting host to enable a highly reversible Na metal. The sodiophilic functional groups introduced by the heteroatom-doping and large surface area (approximate to 1052 m(2) g(-1)) synchronously contribute to a homogenous plating morphology with dissipated local current density. High sodiophilicity of the D-HCF is confirmed by first-principle calculations and experimental results, where strong adsorption energy of -3.52 eV with low Na+ nucleation overpotential of 3.2 mV at 0.2 mA cm(-2) is realized. As such, highly reversible plating/stripping is achieved at 1.0 mA cm(-2) with average CE approximating 99.52% over 600 cycles. The as-assembled Na@D-HCF symmetric cells exhibit a prolonged lifetime for 1000 h. A full-cell paired with Na3V2(PO4)(3) cathode further demonstrates stable electrochemical behavior for 200 cycles at 1 C along with excellent rate performance (102 mAh g(-1) at 5 C). The results clearly show the effectiveness of the D-HCF in manipulating Na+ deposition and thus the significance of nucleation control in realizing dendrite-free metal anodes.
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