Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 365, Issue 6457, Pages 999-+Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7487
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Funding
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund CASI award
- NIGMS [GM007753]
- Russian Science Foundation [14-50-00036]
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research [18-09-00779]
- European Research Council [ERC-2011-AdG 295733]
- Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Russian Federation [33.1907, 33.5494]
- NSF Archaeometry program [BCS-1460369]
- NSF Archaeology program [BCS-1725067]
- NCP fund of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, New Delhi [MLP0117]
- Max Planck Society
- National Science Foundation HOMINID grant [BCS-1032255]
- National Institutes of Health [GM100233]
- Allen Discovery Center grant
- John Templeton Foundation [61220]
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By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization's decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
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