Modification of Activity of the Thylakoid H+/K+ Antiporter KEA3 Disturbs ΔpH-Dependent Regulation of Photosynthesis

The thylakoid K+ efflux antiporter 3 (KEA3) is required for regulating components of the proton motive force (pmf), proton concentration gradient (Delta pH), and membrane potential (Delta psi). The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) disturbed proton gradient regulation mutant (dpgr) is a dominant allele of KEA3, conferring disturbed transport activity. Here, we show that overexpressing the DPGR-type KEA3 (DPGRox) retarded plant growth, whereas overexpressing the wild-type KEA3 (KEA3ox) did not. In KEA3ox lines, the contribution of Delta psi to pmf was enhanced, but in DPGRox lines, the size of pmf was reduced. In DPGRox plants, proton conductivity of the thylakoid membrane (g(H)(+)) was elevated under high light, implying disturbed stoichiometry of H+/K+ antiport through DPGR-type KEA3 rather than simply enhanced activity. The Delta pH-dependent regulation consisting of thermal dissipation of excessively absorbed light energy and downregulation of cytochrome b(6)f complex activity was severely and mildly affected in DPGRox and KEA3ox plants, respectively. Consequently, photosystem I was sensitive to fluctuating light in both transgenic plants. Both photosystems were sensitive to constant high light and were slightly photodamaged even at standard growth light intensity in DPGRox plants. KEA3 regulates the components of pmf and optimizes the operation of Delta pH-dependent regulation of electron transport.