Journal
AUTOPHAGY
Volume 12, Issue 12, Pages 2386-2403Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1240856
Keywords
CL; GABARAP; GABARAPL2; glioblastoma; LC3B; mitophagy
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Funding
- FEDER/Spanish Ministry of Economy [BFU 2011-28566, BFU 2015-66306-P]
- Basque Government [IT838-13, IT849-13]
- University of the Basque Country
- Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO)/Accion estrategica en Salud from Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) [PI12/02248, PI15/00339]
- Fundacio La Marato de TV3
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The phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) has been proposed to play a role in selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy. CL externalization to the outer mitochondrial membrane would act as a signal for the human Atg8 ortholog subfamily, MAP1LC3 (LC3). The latter would mediate both mitochondrial recognition and autophagosome formation, ultimately leading to removal of damaged mitochondria. We have applied quantitative biophysical techniques to the study of CL interaction with various Atg8 human orthologs, namely LC3B, GABARAPL2 and GABARAP. We have found that LC3B interacts preferentially with CL over other di-anionic lipids, that CL-LC3B binding occurs with positive cooperativity, and that the CL-LC3B interaction relies only partially on electrostatic forces. CL-induced increased membrane fluidity appears also as an important factor helping LC3B to bind CL. The LC3B C terminus remains exposed to the hydrophilic environment after protein binding to CL-enriched membranes. In intact U87MG human glioblastoma cells rotenone-induced autophagy leads to LC3B translocation to mitochondria and subsequent delivery of mitochondria to lysosomes. We have also observed that GABARAP, but not GABARAPL2, interacts with CL in vitro. However neither GABARAP nor GABARAPL2 were translocated to mitochondria in rotenone-treated U87MG cells. Thus the various human Atg8 orthologs might play specific roles in different autophagic processes.
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