Journal
AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS
Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 453-471Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10514-016-9550-8
Keywords
Skid-steered vehicles; Dynamic modeling; Power modeling; Motion planning; Energy efficient
Funding
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory under the Collaborative Technology Alliance Program [DAAD 19-01-2-0012]
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Recent research has developed experimentally verified dynamic models for skid-steered wheeled vehicles and used these results to derive a power model for this important class of all-terrain vehicles. As presented in this paper, based on the torque limitations of the vehicle motors, the dynamic model can be used to develop payload and terrain-dependent minimum turn radius constraints and the power model can be used to predict the energy consumption of a given trajectory. This paper uses these results along with sampling based model predictive optimization to develop an effective methodology for generating dynamically feasible, energy efficient trajectories for skid-steered autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) and compares the resultant trajectories with those based on the standard distance optimal trajectories. The simulated and experimental results consider an AGV moving at a constant forward velocity on both wood and asphalt surfaces under various payloads. The results show that a small increase in the distance of a trajectory over the distance optimal trajectory can result in a dramatic savings in the AGV's energy consumption. They also show that distance optimal planning can often produce trajectories that violate the motor torque constraints for skid-steered AGVs, which can result in poor navigation performance.
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