Journal
JNCI-JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
Volume 112, Issue 5, Pages 507-515Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz159
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Funding
- Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Translational Research Program [6549-18]
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program [W81XWH-19-1-0500]
- Myeloma Crowd Research Initiative
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Cancer Center Support Grant National Institutes of Health (NIH) [P30 CA086862]
- NIH [R21CA187388, R01CA151354]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81670199, 81529001, 81570190]
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Background: Treatment failures in cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM), are most likely due to the persistence of a minor population of tumor-initiating cells (TICs), which are noncycling or slowly cycling and very drug resistant. Methods: Gene expression profiling and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were employed to define genes differentially expressed between the side-population cells, which contain the TICs, and the main population of MM cells derived from 11 MM patient samples. Self-renewal potential was analyzed by clonogenicity and drug resistance of CD24(+) MM cells. Flow cytometry (n=60) and immunofluorescence (n=66) were applied on MM patient samples to determine CD24 expression. Therapeutic effects of CD24 antibodies were tested in xenograft MM mouse models containing three to six mice per group. Results: CD24 was highly expressed in the side-population cells, and CD24(+) MM cells exhibited high expression of induced pluripotent or embryonic stem cell genes. CD24(+) MM cells showed increased clonogenicity, drug resistance, and tumorigenicity. Only 10 CD24(+) MM cells were required to develop plasmacytomas in mice (n=three of five mice after 27days). The frequency of CD24(+) MM cells was highly variable in primary MM samples, but the average of CD24(+) MM cells was 8.3% after chemotherapy and in complete-remission MM samples with persistent minimal residual disease compared with 1.0% CD24(+) MM cells in newly diagnosed MM samples (n=26). MM patients with a high initial percentage of CD24(+) MM cells had inferior progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.66 to 18.34, P < .001) and overall survival (HR = 3.87, 95% CI = 16.61 to 34.39, P = .002). A CD24 antibody inhibited MM cell growth and prevented tumor progression in vivo. Conclusion: Our studies demonstrate that CD24(+) MM cells maintain the TIC features of self-renewal and drug resistance and provide a target for myeloma therapy.
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