Journal
JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH
Volume 38, Issue 3, Pages 563-573Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24479
Keywords
dual contrast agent; CA4+; cationic contrast agent; contrast-enhanced computed tomography; CECT
Categories
Funding
- Paivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation
- Vilho, Yrjo and Kalle Vaisala Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
- Research Committee of the Kuopio University Hospital Catchment Area for the State Research Funding, Kuopio, Finland [5041769, 5041778, 5041744]
- Academy of Finland [307932]
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology and Computing
- Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation
- Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion [8193]
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [307932, 307932] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
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Dual contrast micro computed tomography (CT) shows potential for detecting articular cartilage degeneration. However, the performance of conventional CT systems is limited by beam hardening, low image resolution (full-body CT), and long acquisition times (conventional microCT). Therefore, to reveal the full potential of the dual contrast technique for imaging cartilage composition we employ the technique using synchrotron microCT. We hypothesize that the above-mentioned limitations are overcome with synchrotron microCT utilizing monochromatic X-ray beam and fast image acquisition. Human osteochondral samples (n = 41, four cadavers) were immersed in a contrast agent solution containing two agents (cationic CA4+ and non-ionic gadoteridol) and imaged with synchrotron microCT at an early diffusion time point (2 h) and at diffusion equilibrium (72 h) using two monochromatic X-ray energies (32 and 34 keV). The dual contrast technique enabled simultaneous determination of CA4+ (i.e., proteoglycan content) and gadoteridol (i.e., water content) partitions within cartilage. Cartilage proteoglycan content and biomechanical properties correlated significantly (0.327 < r < 0.736, p < 0.05) with CA4+ partition in superficial and middle zones at both diffusion time points. Normalization of the CA4+ partition with gadoteridol partition within the cartilage significantly (p < 0.05) improved the detection sensitivity for human osteoarthritic cartilage proteoglycan content, biomechanical properties, and overall condition (Mankin, Osteoarthritis Research Society International, and International Cartilage Repair Society grading systems). The dual energy technique combined with the dual contrast agent enables assessment of human articular cartilage proteoglycan content and biomechanical properties based on CA4+ partition determined using synchrotron microCT. Additionally, the dual contrast technique is not limited by the beam hardening artifact of conventional CT systems. (c) 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research (R) published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res
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