Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 459-472Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09874-x
Keywords
Extracellular vesicles; Viruses; Exosomes; Microvesicles
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA228172, P01 CA019014, UM1 CA121947] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA040394] Funding Source: Medline
- NIH HHS [1R01DA040394] Funding Source: Medline
- AIDS Malignancy Consortium [5UM1CA121947-10] Funding Source: Medline
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Extracellular signaling is pivotal to maintain organismal homeostasis. A quickly emerging field of interest within extracellular signaling is the study of extracellular vesicles (EV), which act as messaging vehicles for nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids, etc. from donor cells to recipient cells. This transfer of biologically active material within a vesicular body is similar to the infection of a cell through a virus particle, which transfers genetic material from one cell to another to preserve an infection state, and viruses are known to modulate EV. Although considerable heterogeneity exists within EV and viruses, this review focuses on those that are small (< 200 nm in diameter) and of relatively low density (< 1.3 g/mL). A multitude of isolation methods for EV and virus particles exist. In this review, we present an update on methods for their isolation, purification, and phenotypic characterization. We hope that the information we provide will be of use to basic science and clinical investigators, as well as biotechnologists in this emerging field. Graphical
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