Journal
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volume 67, Issue 40, Pages 11099-11107Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04435
Keywords
ellagitannin metabolism; gut microbiota; urolithins; interindividual variability; metabotypes
Funding
- Projects BACCHUS (FP7-KBBE-2012-6-single stage, European Commission) [312090]
- Fundacion Seneca, Spain [19900/GERM/15]
- MINECO, Spain [AGL201 5-641 24, AGL2 0 15-7 31 07-EXP]
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Urolithins are bioactive gut microbiota metabolites of ellagic acid. Here, we have identified four unknown urolithins in human feces after the intake of a pomegranate extract. The new metabolites occurred only in 19% of the subjects. 4,8,9,10-Tetrahydroxy urolithin, (urolithin M6R), was unambiguously identified by H-1 NMR, UV, and HRMS. Three metabolites were tentatively identified by the UV, HRMS, and chromatographic behavior, as 4,8,10-trihydroxy (urolithin M7R), 4,8,9-trihydroxy (urolithin CR), and 4,8-dihydroxy (urolithin AR) urolithins. Phase II conjugates of the novel urolithins were detected in urine and confirmed their absorption, circulation, and urinary excretion. The production of the new urolithins was not specific of any of the known urolithin metabotypes A and B. The new metabolites needed a bacterial 3-dehydroxylase activity for their production, and this is a novel feature as all the previously known urolithins maintained the hydroxyl at 3 position. The ability of production of these R urolithins can be considered an additional metabolic feature for volunteer stratification.
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