Journal
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
Volume 139, Issue -, Pages 113-121Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.032
Keywords
PM2.5; Time resolutions; Source apportionment; Source patterns; ME2
Funding
- Special Scientific Research Funds for Environment Protection Commonweal Section [201409003, 201509020]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41375132, 91544226]
- CAS Strategic Priority Research Program [XDB05030400]
- National Basic Research Program of China [2014CB441203]
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan [Z131100006113013]
- Blue Sky Foundation
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With real time resolved data of Particulate matter (PM) and chemical species, understanding the source patterns and chemical characteristics is critical to establish controlling of PM. In this work, PM2.5 and chemical species were measured by corresponding online instruments with 1-h time resolution in Beijing. Multilinear Engine 2 (ME2) model was applied to explore the sources, and four sources (vehicle emission, crustal dust, secondary formation and coal combustion) were identified. To investigate the sensitivity of time resolution on the source contributions and chemical characteristics, ME2 was conducted with four time resolution runs (1-h, 2-h, 4-h, and 8-h). Crustal dust and coal combustion display large variation in the four time resolutions runs, with their contributions ranging from 6.7 to 10.4 mu g m(-3) and from 6.4 to 12.2 mu g m(-3), respectively. The contributions of vehicle emission and secondary formation range from 7.5 to 10.5 and from 14.7 to 16.7 mu g m(-3), respectively. The sensitivity analyses were conducted by principal component analysis-plot (PCA-plot), coefficient of divergence (CD), average absolute error (AAE) and correlation coefficients. For the four time resolution runs, the source contributions and profiles of crustal dust and coal combustion were more unstable than other source categories, possibly due to the lack of key markers of crustal dust and coal combustion (e.g. Si, Al). On the other hand, vehicle emission and crustal dust were more sensitive to time series of source contributions at different time resolutions. Findings in this study can improve our knowledge of source contributions and chemical characteristics at different time solutions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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