Decrypting noncoding RNA interactions, structures, and functional networks

The world of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) is composed of an enormous and growing number of transcripts, ranging in length from tens of bases to tens of kilobases, involved in all biological processes and altered in expression and/or function in many types of human disorders. The premise of this review is the concept that ncRNAs, like many large proteins, have a multidomain architecture that organizes them spatially and functionally. As ncRNAs are beginning to be imprecisely classified into functional families, we review here how their structural properties might inform their functions with focus on structural architecture-function relationships. We will describe the properties of interactor elements (IEs) involved in direct physical interaction with nucleic acids, proteins, or lipids and of structural elements (SEs) directing their wiring within the ncRNA interactor networks through the emergence of secondary and/or tertiary structures. We suggest that spectrums of letters (ncRNA elements) are assembled into words (ncRNA domains) that are further organized into phrases (complete ncRNA structures) with functional meaning (signaling output) through complex sentences (the ncRNA interactor networks). This semiotic analogy can guide the exploitation of ncRNAs as new therapeutic targets through the development of IE-blockers and/or SE-lockers that will change the interactor partners' spectrum of proteins, RNAs, DNAs, or lipids and consequently influence disease phenotypes.