Journal
FUEL
Volume 252, Issue -, Pages 254-261Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.121
Keywords
Solid catalyst; Biodiesel; ZrO2-TiO2 nanorods; Sulfonation
Categories
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [2180060430]
- MOE & SAFEA for the 111 Project [B13025]
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Two types of efficient and novel sulfonated ZrO2-TiO2 nanorods solid acid catalysts, designed as ZrO2-TiO2-SO3H nanorods and ZrO2-TiO2@SO42- nanorods, were prepared for the production of biodiesel by esterification of palmitic acid. The ZrO2-TiO2 nanorods were used as carrier and sulfonated by two different methods: post-gifting method and impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, Pyridine-FT-IR SEM, TEM, EDS, BET, TGA and XRD to study their properties. The results indicated that the morphologies of ZrO2-TiO2 nanocomposites were unique nanorods. The two catalysts had high content of sulfate groups, which were demonstrated by the weight ratio of S/(Zr + Ti) and obvious peaks of Bronsted acid sites. As the results, ZrO2-TiO2-SO3H and ZrO2-TiO2@SO42- revealed strong catalytic activities in the esterification of palmitic acid. Although ZrO2-TiO2@SO42- nanorods (acidity = 3.4 mmol/g) appealed stronger catalytic activity than ZrO2-TiO2-SO3H nanorods (acidity = 1.9 mmol/g) due to its higher acidities, ZrO2-TiO2-SO3H nanorods exhibited higher reusability, and the yield of biodiesel was more than 85% after 5 successive uses, which indicated that the method of sulfonation can deeply affect properties of catalysts.
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