Lipid-lowering agents for concurrent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) frequently co-exists with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with concomitant CVD and CKD are at very high risk of CVD events. Areas covered: This narrative review discusses the use of hypolipidaemic drugs in patients with both CVD and CKD. Current guidelines are considered together with the evidence from randomised controlled clinical trials. Expert opinion: Statins are the first-line lipid-lowering therapy in patients with CVD and CKD. Some statins require dose adjustments based on renal function, whereas atorvastatin does not. Ezetimibe can be prescribed in patients with CVD and CKD, usually combined with a statin. According to current guidelines, statin +/- ezetimibe therapy should not be initiated, but should be continued, in dialysis-treated CKD patients. Fenofibrate (dose adjusted or contra-indicated according to renal function) and omega 3 fatty acids lower triglyceride levels; whether they also exert cardiorenal benefits in patients with CVD and CKD remains to be established. The use of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, cholesterol-reducing nutraceuticals, bempedoic acid and apabetalone in such patients should be investigated. Patients with concomitant CVD and CKD should be treated, in terms of lipid-lowering therapy, early and intensively to minimize their very high risk and possibly, progression of CKD.