High rates of ammonium recycling in northwestern Lake Taihu and adjacent rivers: An important pathway of nutrient supply in a water column

The ammonium (NH4+) pool in the water column of eutrophic lakes is dynamic and undergoes tightly coupled production and consumption processes because of the metabolism of bacterial and algal communities, particularly in summer. However, NH4+ recycling rates along nutrient gradients at river similar to lake transitional zones and the extent to which NH4+ regeneration can compensate for consumption have been poorly studied. In August (flood period) and November (normal period), 2016, NH4+ regeneration rates (REGs) and potential uptake rates (U(pot)s) were measured in northwestern Lake Taihu and adjacent rivers. Results showed that the REGs ranged from 0.09 to 330 mu mol N L-1 h(-1) and the U(pot)s ranged from 0.20 to 4.88 mu mot N L-1 h(-1), with higher recycling rates occurring at the river sites. Yet, the lake sites showed significantly higher water column NH4+ demand (WCAD) than that of the adjacent river sites during both seasons (p < 0.05), probably as a result of the low REGs and the lack of exogenous nitrogen (N) inputs. The flood period showed significantly higher REG and U-pot values than those of the normal period (p < 0.05), probably controlled by higher water temperature and algal biomass. This study confirms that regenerated NH4+ was more important than the ambient NH4+- for sustaining cyanobacterial blooms in northwestern Lake Taihu and indicates that the river-lake transitional zones are key areas for N control in this hypereutrophic system. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.