Journal
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
Volume 49, Issue -, Pages 70-84Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.08.001
Keywords
Skin homeostasis; Skin infection; Antimicrobial peptides; Cathelicidin; Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; Chemerin
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Funding
- Polish National Science [CenterUMO-2014/12/W/NZ6/00454, UMO-2017/25/B/NZ6/01003, UMO-2013/10/E/NZ6/00745]
- Polish-U.S. Fulbright Commission
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The skin is the largest and the most exposed organ in the body and its defense is regulated at several anatomical levels. Here, we explore how skin layers, including the epidermis, dermis, adipose tissue, and skin appendages, as well as cutaneous microbiota, contribute to the function of skin antimicrobial defense. We highlight recent studies that reveal the differential and complementary responses of skin layers to bacterial, viral, and fungal infection. In particular, we focus on key soluble mediators in the layered skin defense, such as antimicrobial peptides, as well as on lipid antimicrobials, cytokines, chemokines, and barrier-maintaining molecules. We include our own evaluative analyses of transcriptomic datasets of human skin to map the involvement of antimicrobial peptides in skin protection under both steady state and infectious conditions. Furthermore, we explore the versatility of the mechanisms underlying skin defense by highlighting the role of the immune and nervous systems in their interaction with cutaneous microbes, and by illustrating the multifunctionality of selected antimicrobial peptides in skin protection.
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