Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 59, Issue -, Pages 88-100Publisher
CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.008
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Funding
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program [UL1TR001866]
- NIH [R01NS072381, R01AI088364, R21AI137371, R21AI107508, R21NS084255]
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [U19AI111825]
- French National Research Agency (ANR) under the 'Investments for the future' program [ANR-10-IAHU-01]
- Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboralldre d'Excellence [ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID]
- IEIHSEER grant [ANR-14-CE14-0008-01]
- SEAe-HostFactors grant [ANR-18-CE15-0020-02]
- INCA/Canceropole Ile-de-France [2013-1-PL BIO-11-INSERM 5-1]
- Rockefeller University
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)
- HHMI
- Paris Descartes University
- St. Giles Foundation
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Studies of vertebrate immunity have traditionally focused on professional cells, including circulating and tissue-resident leukocytes. Evidence that non-professional cells are also intrinsically essential (i.e. not via their effect on leukocytes) for protective immunity in natural conditions of infection has emerged from three lines of research in human genetics. First, studies of Mendelian resistance to infection have revealed an essential role of DARC-expressing erythrocytes in protection against Plasmodium vivax infection, and an essential role of FUT2-expressing intestinal epithelial cells for protection against norovirus and rotavirus infections. Second, studies of inborn errors of non-hematopoietic cell-extrinsic immunity have shown that APOL1 and complement cascade components secreted by hepatocytes are essential for protective immunity to trypanosome and pyogenic bacteria, respectively. Third, studies of inborn errors of non-hematopoietic cell-intrinsic immunity have suggested that keratinocytes, pulmonary epithelial cells, and cortical neurons are essential for tissue-specific protective immunity to human papillomaviruses, influenza virus, and herpes simplex virus, respectively. Various other types of genetic resistance or predisposition to infection in human populations are not readily explained by inborn variants of genes operating in leukocytes and may, therefore, involve defects in other cells. The probing of this unchartered territory by human genetics is reshaping immunology, by scaling immunity to infection up from the immune system to the whole organism.
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