Journal
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
Volume 211, Issue -, Pages 91-102Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.05.009
Keywords
Nitroaromatic hydrocarbons; Anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol; Biomass burning; Organic tracer
Funding
- Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan [5-1604]
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [KAKENHI 25701001, 16K12581]
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [16K12581] Funding Source: KAKEN
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By understanding the sources and temporal variations of nitrated mono- and di-aromatic hydrocarbons (nitroaromatic hydrocarbons, NAHCs) in ambient particles, we can evaluate their impact on the climate, environment, and human health. This work quantifies (for the first time) a series of NAHCs (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol, 4-nitrophthalic acid, and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl alcohol) in ambient particles collected from an urban site in Nagoya, Japan. The data were collected throughout the day/night cycles during the summer and fall of 2013. To evaluate the possible sources of the NAHCs, the observed NAHC concentrations were compared with organic tracers of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (ASOAs) and biomass buming. Nitrocatechols were mainly influenced by emissions from biomass burning during the fall, and by secondary formation from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) during the summer. In both seasons, AVOC oxidation mainly produced nitrosalicylic acids, 4-nitro-1-naphthol, and 4-nitrophthalic acid, whereas biomass burning in the fall produced a significant amount of 4-nitro-1-naphthol. The concentrations of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and 4-nitrophthalic acid were highly correlated with those of other ASOA tracers, and were strongly related to wind direction, oxidant concentration, and solar radiation. Therefore, these NAHCs are suggested as new tracers of ASOA. Meanwhile, although 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl alcohol was generated by AVOCs photo-oxidation during the day, its concentration remained high at night, indicating additional nighttime sources such as nitrate radical reactions. Our results suggest that different NAHCs could have different sources, large seasonal and day-to-night variations in their major ones.
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