Nanoparticles fabricated from bulk solid lipids: Preparation, properties, and potential food applications

Unlike conventional emulsions, solid lipids are used to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with crystalline structures and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with imperfect crystals or amorphous structures to encapsulate various bioactive compounds significant to food applications. The solid lipid matrix can stabilize particle structures and control release properties of the encapsulated compounds that may not be possible for emulsions with liquid droplets. In this review, common approaches of preparing SLNs and NLCs are first presented, followed by parameters used to study lipid particles, including dimensional, morphological, charge, thermal, and crystalline properties. The structures of SLNs and NLCs with respect to the release mechanisms of encapsulated compounds are discussed in the context of lipid and emulsifier chemistry and preparation conditions. Lastly, possible applications of SLNs and NLCs in food systems are discussed. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.