Journal
ACS OMEGA
Volume 4, Issue 6, Pages 11180-11188Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00772
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Funding
- University of Arizona National Science Foundation Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center [IIP-1361815]
- Tucson Water
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Human enteric viruses can be highly infectious and thus capable of causing disease upon ingestion of low doses ranging from 10(0) to 10(2) virions. Norovirus is a good example with a minimum infectious dose as low as a few tens of virions, that is, below femtogram scale. Norovirus detection from commonly implicated environmental matrices (water and food) involves complicated concentration of viruses and/or amplification of the norovirus genome, thus rendering detection approaches not feasible for field applications. In this work, norovirus detection was performed on a microfluidic paper analytic device without using any sample concentration or nucleic acid amplification steps by directly imaging and counting on-paper aggregation of antibody-conjugated, fluorescent submicron particles. An in-house developed smartphone-based fluorescence microscope and an image-processing algorithm isolated the particles aggregated by antibody-antigen binding, leading to an extremely low limit of norovirus detection, as low as 1 genome copy/mu L in deionized water and 10 genome copies/mu L in reclaimed wastewater.
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